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The while statement is very flexible. It can be used to repeat a block of code while any condition is true. While this may be very nice in general, sometimes you may want something tailored to your specific needs. One such need is to perform a block of code for each element of a set (or, actually, sequence or other iterable object) of values. You can do this with the for statement: words = ['this', 'is', 'an', 'ex', 'parrot'] for word in words: print word or numbers = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] for number in numbers: print number Because iterating (another word for looping ) over a range of numbers is a common thing to do, there is a built-in function to make ranges for you: >>> range(0, 10) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] Ranges work like slices. They include the first limit (in this case 0), but not the last (in this case 10). Quite often, you want the ranges to start at 0, and this is actually assumed if you only supply one limit (which will then be the last): >>> range(10) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

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Simply, the Struct class builds classes to store data. On the first line you create a new class called Person that has built-in name, gender, and age attributes. On the second line you create a new object instance of Person and set the attributes on the fly. The first line is equivalent to this longhand method:

One of the simplest and most overlooked sources for graphics for Act II is your computer screen. To create a shot of your screen, press Print Screen (usually labeled PrtScn on your keyboard), and then on a slide in Normal view, right-click and choose Paste to place the image on the slide. Click on the image to access the Picture Tools and Format tabs, where you can make adjustments to the screen capture. Commercial screen capture programs such as SnagIt (www.techsmith.com) allow you many more options for customizing your shots, such as adding a subtle drop shadow. Use a screen capture to illustrate a concept for example, a screen capture is a great way to show a Web page without presenting the actual details of the text on that page, as shown on the lower right in Figure 8-30. If you do want to show the details of a screen capture, crop out everything that s not essential to the idea and make sure that the portion of the image that contains the details is large enough to be read by people at the back of the room. Other graphics that you might add on Detail slides such as those shown in Figure 8-31 include a company logo, a photograph, and more screen captures. If you sketched a chart on a Detail slide, it might look like the slide on the upper right in Figure 8-32 in its nal state. Although many of the guidelines and much of the writing and research related to charts deals with displaying them on paper, PowerPoint charts are usually projected on a wall with a live presenter explaining them. Because there is the added element of a synchronized verbal explanation in the live presentation

Note In actuality, this code is not exactly equivalent to the struct code, because parameters are optional

when initializing a Struct class, whereas the preceding Person class code requires the three parameters (name, gender, and age) be present.

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This code creates a Person class the long way. If all you want to do is store some data, then the struct technique is quicker to type and easier to read, although if you ultimately want to add more functionality to the class, creating a class the long way is worth the effort. However, the good thing is that you can start out with a struct and recode it into a full class when you re ready. This is what you re going to do with your dungeon. Let s rewrite it from scratch:

Tip There is also another function called xrange that works just like range in loops, but where range creates the whole sequence at once, xrange creates only one number at a time. This can be useful when iterating over huge sequences more efficiently, but in general you needn t worry about it.

class Dungeon attr_accessor :player def initialize(player_name) @player = Player.new(player_name) @rooms = [] end Player = Struct.new(:name, :location) Room = Struct.new(:reference, :name, :description, :connections) end

environment, charts designed on a slide can generally be simpler than those displayed on paper without a live presenter.

It s certainly shorter, and because parameters are optional when creating instances of Struct classes, you can still use Player.new(player_name), and the location attribute is merely set to nil. If you ever need to add methods to Player or Room, you can rewrite them as classes and add the attributes back with attr_accessor.

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